Most CNC spindles are VFD-like in Nature, some a little more sophisticated, but the general method is to use an encoder on the final spindle shaft and sync the Z axis by way of the encoder index pulse, with commercial controllers, the Z axis is then geared off of the encoder pulses, so even if the spindle speed varies slightly, the Z will track the correct feed.
Obviously the controller requires the Threading option, also the encoder is used for CSF (Constant Surface Feed).
Al.


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