There is advantages and dissadvantages for both fourth axis types that are normally used.
#1 type , the rotory table turned into a fourth axis.
Main advantage, can be used in both vertical, or horizontal possitions.
Main dissadvantage, RPM/speed of table rotation. (bushings instead of bearings)
Can be used with a tail stock to turn inbetween centers just like a lathe
#2 type, using a lathe head for a fourth with a servo/stepper driving it.
Main advantage, more RPM/speed at the spindle. (bearings in spindle)
Main dissadvantage, can only be used horizontally.
Can be used with a tail stock to turn inbetween centers like a lathe.
#3 type - use whole lathe. Not sure of the advantage of doing this. Look in the Tormach section on this forum and search for "Duality Lathe" and you will see a setup just like this.
One advantage I can think of is easy setup (tail stock and head stock are already inline). Plus maybe some rigitity advantages.
One dissadvantage would be it takes up a lot of room,, and is very heavy to remove fro mill table. Also you would be limited to the swing of the lathe bed, as to where any of the other two setups could be shimmed up to allow more swing.
I think most people just modify the G-Code to make these setups work. Or you can use Mach3-Turn to make it happen. In the end it is possible and if you search you will find many people using one of these three type setups, with one or the other softwear work arounds to make it happen. (lathe operations) fourth axis opps is no problem and can already be done with Mach3-mill, but the lathe opps may need a little fiddling with code or use Mach3-Turn.
I hope this was all explained correctly. If you do a search for HOSS (a user on these forums) you will find a good example of the lathe head being used.
Here you go a link to the thread
X2 cnc finished for now maybe
Jess